Many people still know cervical screening as a “Pap smear” and feel unsure what changed when the newer test was introduced. If you have been putting off screening or feel confused about the current process, you are not alone.
This article explains what the Cervical Screening Test is, how it differs from the Pap smear, who is eligible, and what to expect before booking. Individual circumstances can affect screening recommendations, so it is worth discussing your situation with a GP.
Key Takeaways
- The Cervical Screening Test replaced the Pap smear in Australia and checks for high-risk HPV.
- Eligible women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 74 are generally invited to screen every five years.
- Most eligible participants can choose either clinician collection or self-collection through a healthcare provider.
What Is a Cervical Screening Test?
A Cervical Screening Test checks for high-risk types of human papillomavirus, or HPV, that can cause changes in cervical cells. It replaced the Pap smear in Australia and is generally recommended every five years for eligible people aged 25 to 74.
HPV is a common virus that most people will come into contact with at some point. In most cases, the body clears it on its own. When high-risk HPV persists, it can lead to cervical cell changes over time. The screening test identifies people who may benefit from closer follow-up.
Is a Cervical Screening Test the Same as a Pap Smear?
No. The Cervical Screening Test replaced the Pap smear in December 2017. Both aim to prevent cervical cancer, but they work differently.
| Question | Pap smear | Cervical Screening Test |
| What does it look for? | Changes in cervical cells | High-risk HPV |
| How often was or is it done? | Usually, every two years | Usually, every five years for routine screening |
| How is the sample collected? | By a clinician from the cervix | Clinician collection or eligible self-collection |
The current test looks for HPV first because HPV is the cause of almost all cervical cancers. If HPV is detected, further testing follows depending on the type of HPV found and the individual’s clinical situation.
Who Should Have a Cervical Screening Test?
People are generally eligible if they:
- Are aged 25 to 74
- Have a cervix
- Have you ever had any sexual contact
Eligibility applies regardless of:
- HPV vaccination status
- Sexual orientation or gender identity
- Current relationship status
- Whether the person has symptoms
- Whether they have only had one sexual partner
Screening recommendations may differ after previous abnormal results, cervical treatment, hysterectomy, or in certain other clinical circumstances. Cervical screening is relevant to women and people with a cervix, including transgender men and non-binary people who have a cervix.
If you are unsure whether you are due, a GP can review your screening history and explain the current options available to you. You can discuss this through Branxton Healthcare’s women’s health services.
How Is a Cervical Screening Test Done?
Eligible participants can choose between two options. Both collection options are accurate for detecting HPV when used within the National Cervical Screening Program.Â
Clinician-Collected Cervical Screening Test
For a clinician-collected test, the patient usually undresses from the waist down. A speculum, which is a small instrument, is gently inserted so the clinician can see the cervix. A small brush is used to collect a sample from the cervix. The sample is sent to a laboratory for testing.
You can ask questions, discuss your preferences, and tell the clinician if you feel uncomfortable at any stage. Some people feel pressure or brief discomfort during the procedure, but experiences vary.
Self-Collected Cervical Screening Test
For self-collection, the patient uses a small swab to collect a sample from inside the vagina. No speculum is used. A healthcare provider provides instructions and support, and the sample is usually collected privately at the clinic, often behind a screen or in a bathroom.
The self-collected sample checks for HPV. If HPV is found, further testing, such as a clinician-collected sample or referral, may be recommended depending on the type of HPV detected.
Can You Do a Cervical Screening Test at Home?
Self-collection must be arranged through a healthcare provider. Most people complete self-collection at the clinic in a private area, but some providers may arrange collection at home after a consultation, depending on individual circumstances.
Self-collection is not an over-the-counter test that can be ordered online without clinical involvement. The test must be requested and overseen by an authorised healthcare provider, who can also arrange follow-up if needed.
What Should You Expect at the Appointment?
Understanding what happens can help reduce uncertainty before booking.
- Your healthcare provider will discuss your eligibility and screening history.
- You can choose between clinician collection and self-collection, where suitable.
- You can ask questions and discuss privacy or previous discomfort
- The sample is collected using your chosen method
- Your provider will confirm how and when results will be communicated
- If follow-up is needed, this will be explained clearly
You may also want to bring your Medicare information, mention if you are pregnant or have symptoms, and let the clinician know if you have had a previous difficult experience. You can also ask about clinician preference, having a support person, and pausing or stopping the procedure at any point.
Does a Cervical Screening Test Hurt?
Experiences vary. A clinician-collected test may cause pressure or brief discomfort, though many people find it manageable. Self-collection avoids a speculum and may feel more comfortable for some people. If you are uncomfortable during a clinician-collected test, tell your clinician. You can ask to pause or stop at any stage.
How Much Does a Cervical Screening Test Cost?
For eligible people who are due, Eligible people who are due for screening can generally access Medicare-funded pathology testing. Most pathology providers bulk bill the laboratory test, but a consultation or service fee may still apply. However, a consultation or service fee may still apply depending on the provider and appointment type.
- The pathology test is generally covered when Medicare requirements are met
- A GP consultation fee may or may not be bulk billed, depending on the appointment and provider
Costs can vary, so check the clinic’s current GP fee information or ask reception when booking.
What Do Cervical Screening Test Results Mean?
Results generally fall into three categories:
- HPV not detected: The next routine screening test is usually recommended in five years.
- HPV detected, not types 16 or 18: Follow-up depends on the screening pathway and any additional test findings. Some people may be advised to repeat HPV testing in 12 months.
- HPV detected, higher-risk type (such as HPV 16 or 18): Referral for a colposcopy may be recommended, which is a closer examination of the cervix.
An HPV-positive result does not automatically mean cervical cancer. Many HPV infections are cleared by the immune system without causing lasting problems. Your healthcare provider will explain what your specific result means and what steps may follow.
Result timing depends on the provider and laboratory. Ask when booking how and when you will be notified.
Cervical Screening Is Not a Test for Symptoms
Cervical screening is designed for people who feel well. It is not a diagnostic test for symptoms. If you have any of the following, speak with a GP about unusual symptoms rather than waiting for your next routine screening date:
- Bleeding after sex
- Bleeding between periods
- Bleeding after menopause
- Persistent unusual vaginal discharge
- Unexplained pelvic pain
- Pain during sex
These symptoms can have many causes. A GP can assess what may be contributing and advise on appropriate next steps.
Cervical Screening Support in Branxton
Branxton Healthcare provides cervical screening as part of its women’s health services. Patients can speak with a GP about eligibility, self-collection, clinician collection, previous screening results, symptoms, and individual preferences.
You can book a GP appointment to discuss whether you are due and which screening option may suit your circumstances.
FAQs
Is a Cervical Screening Test the same as a Pap smear?
No. The Cervical Screening Test replaced the Pap smear in Australia. The current test checks for high-risk HPV, while the former Pap smear mainly examined cervical cells for abnormal changes.
Can I do a Cervical Screening Test myself?
Most eligible screening participants can choose self-collection through a healthcare provider. A small swab is used to collect a vaginal sample, usually in a private area at the clinic.
Can I complete a Cervical Screening Test at home?
Home collection may be possible in some circumstances if arranged through a healthcare provider. It is not an ordinary over-the-counter test, and availability depends on the provider and clinical situation.
How often do I need a Cervical Screening Test?
Eligible women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 74 are generally invited to screen every five years. Different follow-ups may be recommended after certain previous results or treatments.
What happens if HPV is found?
An HPV-positive result does not automatically mean cervical cancer. Your healthcare provider will explain whether you need another sample, repeat testing, or further assessment.
References and Resources
Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Ageing (2026) National Cervical Screening Program, Australian Government website, accessed 24 June 2026.
Australian Government Department of Health, Disability and Ageing (2025) Self-collection for the Cervical Screening Test, Australian Government website, accessed 24 June 2026.
Healthdirect Australia (2024) Cervical Screening Test, Healthdirect website, accessed 24 June 2026.
Cancer Council Australia (2024) Cervical cancer screening, Cancer Council Australia website, accessed 24 June 2026.
Better Health Channel (2024) Cervical screening tests, Better Health Channel website, accessed 24 June 2026.